Mass Effect Wiki is a comprehensive database for the Mass Effect video game series. The wiki is dedicated to collecting all information related to the franchise, such as classes, characters, races, walkthroughs, assignments and more! Hacker Evolution and its sequel, Hacker Evolution: Untold, are hacking games by exosyphen.

Event in which groups of software developers work at an accelerated paceA hackathon (also known as a hack day, hackfest or codefest; a of hacking marathon) is a -like event; often, in which and others involved in, including, domain experts, and others collaborate intensively on projects.The goal of a hackathon is to create functioning software or hardware by the end of the event. Hackathons tend to have a specific focus, which can include the used, the, an application, an, or the subject and the demographic group of the programmers.

In other cases, there is no restriction on the type of software being created. Contents.Etymology The word 'hackathon' is a of the words ' and ', where 'hack' is used in the sense of exploratory programming, not its alternate meaning as.' S apparent first use of the term referred to a cryptographic development event held in on June 4, 1999, where ten developers came together to avoid legal problems caused due to export regulations of cryptographic software from the. Not to be confused with.In some hackathons, all work is on a single application, such as an operating system, programming language,. Such events are often known as 'code sprints', and are especially popular for projects, where such events are sometimes the only opportunity for developers to meet face-to-face.Code sprints typically last from one week to three weeks and often take place near conferences at which most of the team attend.

Unlike other hackathons, these events rarely include a competitive element.The annual hackathon to work on the operating system, held since 1999, is one such event; it may have originated the word 'hackathon'. Controversies.

A team at the September 2013 TechCrunch Disrupt Hackathon presented the TitStare app, which allowed users to post and view pictures of men staring at women's cleavage. TechCrunch issued an apology later that day. A November 2013 hackathon run by, billed as having the largest-ever grand prize at $1 million, was accused of impropriety after it emerged that the winning entrants, a two-person startup called Upshot, had been developing the technology that they demoed for over a year and that one of the two was a former Salesforce employee.

expelled a pair of hackers from the September 2015 hackathon Hack the North at the for making jokes that were interpreted as bomb threats, leading many hackers to criticize the organization. As a result of the controversy, Victor Vucicevich resigned from the Hack the North organizing team.See also.References. Retrieved 2015-04-10. 2013-03-10 at the, Dave Johnson, PhoneGap Blog, 18 September 2008., Leena Rao, October 3, 2011. ^ Biddle, Sam (November 22, 2013).

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Contents.Definitions General definitionReflecting the two types of hackers, there are two definitions of the word 'hacker':. an adherent of the technology and programming subculture; see. someone who is able to subvert. If doing so for malicious purposes, the person can also be called a.Today, mainstream usage of 'hacker' mostly refers to computer criminals, due to the mass media usage of the word since the 1980s. This includes what hacker slang calls ', people breaking into computers using programs written by others, with very little knowledge about the way they work. This usage has become so predominant that the general public is largely unaware that different meanings exist. While the self-designation of hobbyists as hackers is generally acknowledged and accepted by computer security hackers, people from the programming subculture consider the computer intrusion related usage incorrect, and emphasize the difference between the two by calling security breakers 'crackers' (analogous to a safecracker).The controversy is usually based on the assertion that the term originally meant someone messing about with something in a positive sense, that is, using playful cleverness to achieve a goal.

But then, it is supposed, the meaning of the term shifted over the decades and came to refer to computer criminals.As the security-related usage has spread more widely, the original meaning has become less known. In popular usage and in the media, 'computer intruders' or 'computer criminals' is the exclusive meaning of the word today. (For example, 'An Internet 'hacker' broke through state government security systems in March.'

) In the computer enthusiast (Hacker Culture) community, the primary meaning is a complimentary description for a particularly brilliant programmer or technical expert. (For example, ', the creator of, is considered by some to be a hacker.' ) A large segment of the technical community insist the latter is the 'correct' usage of the word (see the definition below).Representation in mainstream mediaThe 's current usage of the term may be traced back to the early 1980s. When the term was introduced to wider society by the mainstream media in 1983, even those in the computer community referred to computer intrusion as 'hacking', although not as the exclusive definition of the word. In reaction to the increasing media use of the term exclusively with the criminal connotation, the computer community began to differentiate their terminology.

Alternative terms such as ' were coined in an effort to maintain the distinction between 'hackers' within the legitimate programmer community and those performing computer break-ins. Main article:are people involved with circumvention of computer security. Among security hackers, there are several types, including:White hat hackerare hackers who work to keep data safe from other hackers by finding system that can be mitigated. White hats are usually employed by the target system's owner and are typically paid (sometimes quite well) for their work.

Their work is not illegal because it is done with the system owner's consent.Black hat hackeror crackers are hackers with malicious intentions. They often steal, exploit, and sell data, and are usually motivated by personal gain. Their work is usually illegal. A cracker is like a black hat hacker, but is specifically someone who is very skilled and tries via hacking to make profits or to benefit, not just to vandalize. Crackers find exploits for system vulnerabilities and often use them to their advantage by either selling the fix to the system owner or selling the exploit to other black hat hackers, who in turn use it to steal information or gain royalties.Grey hat hackerinclude those who hack for fun or to.

They may both fix and exploit vulnerabilities, but usually not for financial gain. Even if not malicious, their work can still be illegal, if done without the target system owner's consent, and grey hats are usually associated with hackers.MotivesFour primary motives have been proposed as possibilities for why hackers attempt to break into computers and networks. First, there is a criminal financial gain to be had when hacking systems with the specific purpose of stealing or manipulating. Second, many hackers thrive off of increasing their reputation within the hacker subculture and will leave their handles on websites they defaced or leave some other evidence as proof that they were involved in a specific hack. Third, corporate espionage allows companies to acquire information on products or services that can be stolen or used as leverage within the marketplace.

And fourth, state-sponsored attacks provide nation states with both wartime and intelligence collection options conducted on, in, or through. Overlaps and differencesThe main basic difference between programmer subculture and computer security hacker is their mostly separate historical origin and development.

However, the Jargon File reports that considerable overlap existed for the early phreaking at the beginning of the 1970s. An article from MIT's student paper The Tech used the term hacker in this context already in 1963 in its pejorative meaning for someone messing with the phone system. The overlap quickly started to break when people joined in the activity who did it in a less responsible way. This was the case after the publication of an article exposing the activities of Draper and Engressia.According to Raymond, hackers from the programmer subculture usually work openly and use their real name, while computer security hackers prefer secretive groups and identity-concealing aliases. Wasted days and wasted nights ukulele chords. Also, their activities in practice are largely distinct. The former focus on creating new and improving existing infrastructure (especially the software environment they work with), while the latter primarily and strongly emphasize the general act of circumvention of security measures, with the effective use of the knowledge (which can be to report and help fixing the security bugs, or exploitation reasons) being only rather secondary. The most visible difference in these views was in the design of the MIT hackers', which deliberately did not have any security measures.There are some subtle overlaps, however, since basic knowledge about computer security is also common within the programmer subculture of hackers.

For example, Ken Thompson noted during his 1983 lecture that it is possible to add code to the 'login' command that would accept either the intended encrypted or a particular known password, allowing a backdoor into the system with the latter password. He named his invention the '. Furthermore, Thompson argued, the itself could be modified to automatically generate the rogue code, to make detecting the modification even harder.

Because the compiler is itself a program generated from a compiler, the Trojan horse could also be automatically installed in a new compiler program, without any detectable modification to the source of the new compiler. However, Thompson disassociated himself strictly from the computer security hackers: 'I would like to criticize the press in its handling of the 'hackers,' the, the Dalton gang, etc. The acts performed by these kids are vandalism at best and probably trespass and theft at worst. I have watched kids testifying before Congress. It is clear that they are completely unaware of the seriousness of their acts.' The programmer subculture of hackers sees secondary circumvention of security mechanisms as legitimate if it is done to get practical barriers out of the way for doing actual work.

In special forms, that can even be an expression of playful cleverness. However, the systematic and primary engagement in such activities is not one of the actual interests of the programmer subculture of hackers and it does not have significance in its actual activities, either. A further difference is that, historically, members of the programmer subculture of hackers were working at academic institutions and used the computing environment there.

In contrast, the prototypical computer security hacker had access exclusively to a home computer and a modem. However, since the mid-1990s, with home computers that could run Unix-like operating systems and with inexpensive internet home access being available for the first time, many people from outside of the academic world started to take part in the programmer subculture of hacking.Since the mid-1980s, there are some overlaps in ideas and members with the computer security hacking community. The most prominent case is Robert T. Morris, who was a user of MIT-AI, yet wrote the.

The Jargon File hence calls him 'a true hacker who blundered'. Nevertheless, members of the programmer subculture have a tendency to look down on and disassociate from these overlaps. They commonly refer disparagingly to people in the computer security subculture as crackers and refuse to accept any definition of hacker that encompasses such activities.

The computer security hacking subculture, on the other hand, tends not to distinguish between the two subcultures as harshly, acknowledging that they have much in common including many members, political and social goals, and a love of learning about technology. They restrict the use of the term cracker to their categories of and black hat hackers instead.All three subcultures have relations to hardware modifications.

In the early days of network hacking, phreaks were building and various variants. The programmer subculture of hackers has stories about several hardware hacks in its folklore, such as a mysterious 'magic' switch attached to a PDP-10 computer in MIT's AI lab, that when turned off, crashed the computer. The early hobbyist hackers built their home computers themselves, from construction kits. However, all these activities have died out during the 1980s, when the phone network switched to digitally controlled switchboards, causing network hacking to shift to dialing remote computers with modems, when pre-assembled inexpensive home computers were available, and when academic institutions started to give individual mass-produced workstation computers to scientists instead of using a central timesharing system.

The only kind of widespread hardware modification nowadays is.An encounter of the programmer and the computer security hacker subculture occurred at the end of the 1980s, when a group of computer security hackers, sympathizing with the (which disclaimed any knowledge in these activities), broke into computers of American military organizations and academic institutions. They sold data from these machines to the Soviet secret service, one of them in order to fund his drug addiction. The case was solved when, a scientist working as a system administrator, found ways to log the attacks and to trace them back (with the help of many others)., a German film adaption with fictional elements, shows the events from the attackers' perspective. Stoll described the case in his book and in the TV documentary The KGB, the Computer, and Me from the other perspective. According to Eric S. Raymond, it 'nicely illustrates the difference between 'hacker' and 'cracker'.

Stoll's portrait of himself, his lady Martha, and his friends at Berkeley and on the Internet paints a marvelously vivid picture of how hackers and the people around them like to live and how they think.' See also., an unskilled computer security attackerReferences. Archived from on 2016-06-05. 1983.

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The Jargon Lexicon. Retrieved 2008-10-18.Further reading. Dreyfus, Suelette (1997). Mandarin.; (1991). New York:. Levy, Steven (2002).

Crypto: How the Code Rebels Beat the Government Saving Privacy in the Digital Age. Penguin. Logik Bomb: (1997). Revelation: (1996). Slatalla, Michelle; Joshua Quittner (1995).: The Gang That Ruled Cyberspace. HarperCollins.

(1992). Bantam.

Taylor, Paul A. Routledge. Thomas, Douglas (2002). University of Minnesota Press. Verton, Dan (2002).

McGraw-Hill Osborne Media.Free software/open source. Beijing: O'Reilly. Himanen, Pekka (2001). Random House. Lakhani, Karim R.; Wolf, Robert G.

In Feller, J.; Fitzgerald, B.; Hissam, S.; et al. Perspectives on Free and Open Source Software. MIT Press.

(1984). Doubleday. Raymond, Eric S.; Steele, Guy L., eds. The MIT Press. Raymond, Eric S. Prentice Hall International.

(1984). The Second Self: Computers and the Human Spirit. MIT Press.External links. at Wikibooks. The dictionary definition of at Wiktionary. Media related to at Wikimedia Commons.