Choosing Your Baby Carrier What should I look for when buying a baby carrier?Very simple: make sure your baby is just as comfortable as in your arms. If you carry your baby in your arms, no one wonders whether your baby is comfortable. Make sure the baby carrier gives exactly the same comfort and support! With any type of baby carrier, ensure that it offers the right support:. The fabric should be spread open all the way from knee to knee. This ensures your baby is sitting in the ergonomic M-position.

Baby’s back should be rounded rather than arched - this is the most natural position. Baby should be high enough and close enough to kiss (“kissing distance”). The baby carrier should be comfortable, not too loose or too tightAnd when selecting a sling, also look for:. Easy adjustment, comfortable fit for all sizes. Quick and easy to put on.

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Option of carrying your baby in various positions. Baby’s weight distributed evenly over the parent’s chest, back and hips. Soft and preferably organic fabric.

Official nameBabylonCriteriaCultural: (iii), (vi)Designated(43rd )Reference no.State PartyRegionThis article contains. Without proper, you may see.Babylon was the capital city of, a kingdom in ancient, between the 18th and 6th centuries BC. It was built along the left and right banks of the river with steep embankments to contain the river's seasonal floods. Babylon was originally a small Akkadian town dating from the period of the c. 2300 BC.The town became part of a small independent with the rise of the in the 19th century BC. The king created a short-lived empire in the 18th century BC.

He built Babylon into a major city and declared himself its king. Southern Mesopotamia became known as Babylonia and Babylon eclipsed as its holy city.

The empire waned under Hammurabi's son and Babylon spent long periods under, and domination. After being destroyed and then rebuilt by the Assyrians, Babylon became the capital of the short-lived from 609 to 539 BC.

The were one of the. After the fall of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, the city came under the rule of the, and empires.It has been estimated that Babylon was the largest city in the world c. 1670 BC, and again c. It was perhaps the first city to reach a population above 200,000. Brick structures in Babylon, photographed in 2016The remains of the city are in present-day Hillah, Babil Governorate, Iraq, about 85 kilometers (53 mi) south of Baghdad, comprising a large of broken mud-brick buildings and debris. The site at Babylon consists of a number of mounds covering an area of about 2 by 1 kilometer (1.24 mi × 0.62 mi), oriented north to south, along the to the west.

Originally, the river roughly bisected the city, but the course of the river has since shifted so that most of the remains of the former western part of the city are now inundated. Some portions of the city wall to the west of the river also remain.Only a small portion of the ancient city (3% of the area within the inner walls; 1.5% of the area within the outer walls; 0.1% at the depth of Middle and Old Babylon) has been excavated. Known remains include:. Kasr – also called Palace or Castle, it is the location of the ziggurat and lies in the center of the site. Amran Ibn Ali – the highest of the mounds at 25 meters (82 ft) to the south. It is the site of, a temple of which also contained shrines to and. Homera – a reddish-colored mound on the west side.

Most of the remains are here. Babil – a mound about 22 meters (72 ft) high at the northern end of the site.

Its bricks have been subject to looting since ancient times. It held a palace built by Nebuchadnezzar.Archaeologists have recovered few artifacts predating the Neo-Babylonian period. The water table in the region has risen greatly over the centuries, and artifacts from the time before the are unavailable to current standard archaeological methods.

Additionally, the Neo-Babylonians conducted significant rebuilding projects in the city, which destroyed or obscured much of the earlier record. Babylon was pillaged numerous times after revolting against foreign rule, most notably by the and in the 2nd millennium, then by the and the in the 1st millennium. Much of the western half of the city is now beneath the river, and other parts of the site have been mined for commercial building materials.Only the Koldewey expedition recovered artifacts from the Old Babylonian period. These included 967 clay tablets, stored in private houses, with Sumerian literature and lexical documents.Nearby ancient settlements are,. And were 60 kilometers (37 mi) in either direction along the Euphrates. The figure could be an aspect of the goddess, Babylonian goddess of sex and love.By around the, much of southern Mesopotamia was occupied by, nomadic tribes from the northern who were speakers, unlike the native of southern Mesopotamia and, who spoke. The Amorites at first did not practice agriculture like more advanced Mesopotamians, preferring a semi-nomadic lifestyle, herding sheep.

Over time, Amorite grain merchants rose to prominence and established their own independent dynasties in several south Mesopotamian city-states, most notably, and later, founding Babylon as a state.Old Babylonian period. Linescan camera image of the cylinder seal above (reversed to resemble an impression).According to a Babylonian date list, rule in Babylon began ( c. 19th or 18th century BC) with a chieftain named, who declared independence from the neighboring city-state of., whose dates may be concurrent with those of Sumu-abum, is usually given as the progenitor of the. Both are credited with building the walls of Babylon. In any case, the records describe Sumu-la-El's military successes establishing a regional sphere of influence for Babylon.Babylon was initially a minor city-state, and controlled little surrounding territory; its first four Amorite rulers did not assume the title of king. The older and more powerful states of, and overshadowed Babylon until it became the capital of 's short lived empire about a century later.

Hammurabi (r. 1792–1750 BC) is famous for codifying the laws of Babylonia into the. He conquered all of the cities and city states of southern Mesopotamia, including, and, coalescing them into one kingdom, ruled from Babylon. Hammurabi also invaded and conquered to the east, and the kingdoms of and to the northwest. After a protracted struggle with the powerful Assyrian king of the, he forced his successor to pay tribute late in his reign, spreading Babylonian power to Assyria's and colonies in.After the reign of Hammurabi, the whole of southern Mesopotamia came to be known as, whereas the north had already coalesced centuries before into.

From this time, Babylon supplanted and as the major religious centers of southern Mesopotamia. Hammurabi's empire destabilized after his death. Assyrians defeated and drove out the Babylonians and Amorites. The far south of Mesopotamia broke away, forming the native, and the Elamites appropriated territory in eastern Mesopotamia.

The Amorite dynasty remained in power in Babylon, which again became a small city state.Texts from Old Babylon often include references to, the sun-god of Sippar, treated as a supreme deity, and, considered as his son. Marduk was later elevated to a higher status and Shamash lowered, perhaps reflecting Babylon's rising political power Middle Babylon In 1595 BC the city was overthrown by the from. Thereafter, from the of north western captured Babylon, ushering in a dynasty that lasted for 435 years, until 1160 BC. The city was renamed Karanduniash during this period. Kassite Babylon eventually became subject to the (1365–1053 BC) to the north, and to the east, with both powers vying for control of the city. The Assyrian king took the throne of Babylon in 1235 BC.By 1155 BC, after continued attacks and annexing of territory by the Assyrians and Elamites, the Kassites were deposed in Babylon. An Akkadian south Mesopotamian dynasty then ruled for the first time.

However, Babylon remained weak and subject to domination by Assyria. Its ineffectual native kings were unable to prevent new waves of foreign West Semitic settlers from the deserts of the Levant, including the and in the 11th century BC, and finally the in the 9th century BC, entering and appropriating areas of Babylonia for themselves.

The Arameans briefly ruled in Babylon during the late 11th century BC.Assyrian period. Sennacherib of Assyria during his, relief from his palace in NinevehDuring the rule of the (911–609 BC), Babylonia was under constant domination or direct control. During the reign of of Assyria, Babylonia was in a constant state of revolt, led by a chieftain named, in alliance with the, and suppressed only by the complete destruction of the city of Babylon. In 689 BC, its walls, temples and palaces were razed, and the rubble was thrown into the Arakhtu, the sea bordering the earlier Babylon on the south. Destruction of the religious center shocked many, and the subsequent murder of Sennacherib by two of his own sons while praying to the god was considered an act of atonement. Consequently, his successor hastened to rebuild the old city and make it his residence during part of the year.

After his death, Babylonia was governed by his elder son, the prince, who eventually started a civil war in 652 BC against his own brother, who ruled in. Shamash-shum-ukin enlisted the help of other peoples subject to Assyria, including, and of southern Mesopotamia, and the and dwelling in the deserts south of.Once again, Babylon was besieged by the Assyrians, starved into surrender and its allies were defeated. Ashurbanipal celebrated a 'service of reconciliation', but did not venture to 'take the hands' of. An Assyrian governor named was appointed as ruler of the city. Ashurbanipal did collect texts from Babylon for inclusion in his extensive at Ninevah.After the death of Ashurbanipal, the Assyrian empire destabilized due to a series of internal civil wars throughout the reigns of Assyrian kings,. Eventually Babylon, like many other parts of the near east, took advantage of the chaos within Assyria to free itself from Assyrian rule. In the subsequent overthrow of the Assyrian Empire by an alliance of peoples, the Babylonians saw another example of divine vengeance.

Neo-Babylonian Empire. Main article:Under, a previously unknown Chaldean chieftain, Babylon escaped Assyrian rule, and in an alliance with, king of the and together with the and, finally destroyed the Assyrian Empire between 612 BC and 605 BC. Babylon thus became the capital of the Neo-Babylonian (sometimes and possibly erroneously called the ) Empire.With the recovery of Babylonian independence, a new era of architectural activity ensued, particularly during the reign of his son (604–561 BC). Nebuchadnezzar ordered the complete reconstruction of the imperial grounds, including the, and the construction of the —the most prominent of eight gates around Babylon.

A reconstruction of the Ishtar Gate is located in the in.Nebuchadnezzar is also credited with the construction of the —one of the —said to have been built for his homesick wife. Whether the gardens actually existed is a matter of dispute. German archaeologist speculated that he had discovered its foundations, but many historians disagree about the location. Has argued that the hanging gardens were actually located in the Assyrian capital,.Nebuchadnezzar is also notoriously associated with the of the Jews, the result of an imperial technique of pacification, used also by the Assyrians, in which ethnic groups in conquered areas were to the capital. According to the Hebrew Bible, he and the Jews to Babylon. The defeat was also recorded in the.

Persian conquest In 539 BC, the Neo-Babylonian Empire fell to, king of, with a military engagement known as the. Babylon's walls were considered impenetrable. The only way into the city was through one of its many gates or through the Euphrates River. Metal grates were installed underwater, allowing the river to flow through the city walls while preventing intrusion. The Persians devised a plan to enter the city via the river. During a Babylonian national feast, Cyrus' troops upstream diverted the Euphrates River, allowing Cyrus' soldiers to enter the city through the lowered water.

The Persian army conquered the outlying areas of the city while the majority of Babylonians at the city center were unaware of the breach. The account was elaborated upon by and is also mentioned in parts of the Hebrew Bible. Herodotus also described a moat, an enormously tall and broad wall cemented with and with buildings on top, and a hundred gates to the city. He also writes that the Babylonians wear turbans and perfume and bury their dead in honey, that they practice ritual prostitution, and that three tribes among them. The hundred gates can be considered a reference to, and following the pronouncement of in 1883, Herodotus' account of Babylon has largely been considered to represent Greek folklore rather than an authentic voyage to Babylon.

However, recently, Dalley and others have suggested taking Herodotus' account seriously. Babylonian soldier in the Achaemenid army, circa 470 BCE, tomb.According to 36 of the, Cyrus later issued a decree permitting captive people, including the, to return to their own lands. Text found on the has traditionally been seen by biblical scholars as corroborative evidence of this policy, although the interpretation is disputed because the text only identifies Mesopotamian sanctuaries but makes no mention of Jews, Jerusalem, or Judea.Under Cyrus and the subsequent Persian king, Babylon became the capital city of the 9th (Babylonia in the south and Athura in the north), as well as a center of learning and scientific advancement. In Persia, the ancient Babylonian arts of and were revitalized, and Babylonian scholars completed maps of constellations.

The city became the administrative capital of the and remained prominent for over two centuries. Many important archaeological discoveries have been made that can provide a better understanding of that era.The early Persian kings had attempted to maintain the religious ceremonies of, but by the reign of, over-taxation and the strain of numerous wars led to a deterioration of Babylon's main shrines and canals, and the destabilization of the surrounding region. There were numerous attempts at rebellion and in 522 BC , 521 BC and 482 BC (Bel-shimani and Shamash-eriba) native Babylonian kings briefly regained independence. However these revolts were quickly repressed and Babylon remained under Persian rule for two centuries, until 's entry in 331 BC.Hellenistic period.

'Entry of Alexander into Babylon', a 1665 painting by, depicts Alexander the Great's uncontested entry into the city of Babylon, envisioned with pre-existing.In October of 331 BC, the last king of the Persian Empire, was defeated by the forces of the ruler at the. A native account of this invasion notes a ruling by Alexander not to enter the homes of its inhabitants.Under Alexander, Babylon again flourished as a center of learning and commerce. However, following Alexander's death in 323 BC in the palace of, his empire was divided amongst his generals, the, and soon began. The constant turmoil virtually emptied the city of Babylon. A tablet dated 275 BC states that the inhabitants of Babylon were transported to, where a palace and a temple were built. With this deportation, Babylon became insignificant as a city, although more than a century later, sacrifices were still performed in its old sanctuary.

Renewed Persian rule. Main article:In the mid-7th century, Mesopotamia was invaded and settled by the expanding Empire, and a period of followed. Babylon was dissolved as a province and and Christianity eventually became marginalized. Ibn Hauqal mentions a small village called Babel in the tenth century; subsequent travelers describe only ruins.Babylon is mentioned in medieval Arabic writings as a source of bricks, said to have been used in cities from Baghdad to Basra.European travelers in many cases could not discover the city's location, or mistook for it., a 12th-century traveller, mentions Babylon but it is not clear if he went there.

Others referred to as Babylon or New Babylon and described various structures encountered in the region as the Tower of Babel. Found the ancient site in the 17th century and noted the existence of both baked and dried cemented with. Modern era.

From the accounts of modern travellers, I had expected to have found on the site of Babylon more, and less, than I actually did. Less, because I could have formed no conception of the prodigious extent of the whole ruins, or of the size, solidity, and perfect state, of some of the parts of them; and more, because I thought that I should have distinguished some traces, however imperfect, of many of the principle structures of Babylon. I imagined, I should have said: 'Here were the walls, and such must have been the extent of the area. There stood the palace, and this most assuredly was the tower of Belus.' – I was completely deceived: instead of a few insulated mounds, I found the whole face of the country covered with vestiges of building, in some places consisting of brick walls surprisingly fresh, in others merely of a vast succession of mounds of rubbish of such indeterminate figures, variety and extent, as to involve the person who should have formed any theory in inextricable confusion., Memoir on the Ruins of Babylon (1815), pp. The eighteenth century saw an increasing flow of travelers to Babylon, including and, as well as measurements of its latitude.

Beauchamp's memoir, published in English translation in 1792, provoked the to direct its agents in Baghdad and Basra to acquire Mesopotamian relics for shipment to London. Excavation and research , working for the East India Company in Baghdad, excavated Babylon in 1811–12 and again in 1817. Explored the site briefly in 1827. Visited there in 1849.made some soundings during a brief visit in 1850 before abandoning the site. And heavily excavated Babylon from 1852 to 1854. However, many of the fruits of their work were lost when a raft containing over 40 crates of artifacts sank into the Tigris river.

Original tiles of the processional street. Ancient Babylon, Mesopotamia, Iraq.and worked there briefly in 1854. The next excavation was conducted by on behalf of the.

Work began in 1879, continuing until 1882, and was prompted by widespread looting of the site. Using industrial scale digging in search of artifacts, Rassam recovered a large quantity of cuneiform tablets and other finds. The zealous excavation methods, common at the time, caused significant damage to the archaeological context. Many tablets had appeared on the market in 1876 before Rassam's excavation began. Video on conservation of BabylonFollowing the, the area around Babylon came under the control of US troops, before being handed over to in September 2003. US forces under the command of General of the were criticized for building the military base 'Camp Alpha', with a and other facilities on ancient Babylonian ruins during the.

US forces have occupied the site for some time and have caused irreparable damage to the archaeological record. In a report of the 's Near East department, Dr. John Curtis described how parts of the archaeological site were levelled to create a landing area for helicopters, and parking lots for heavy vehicles.

Curtis wrote of the occupation forces:They caused substantial damage to the Ishtar Gate, one of the most famous monuments from antiquity. US military vehicles crushed 2,600-year-old brick pavements, archaeological fragments were scattered across the site, more than 12 trenches were driven into ancient deposits and military earth-moving projects contaminated the site for future generations of scientists.A US Military spokesman claimed that engineering operations were discussed with the 'head of the Babylon museum'. The head of the Iraqi State Board for Heritage and Antiquities, Donny George, said that the 'mess will take decades to sort out' and criticised for causing 'terrible damage' to the site. Poland resolved in 2004 to place the city under Iraq control, and commissioned a report titled Report Concerning the Condition of the Preservation of the Babylon Archaeological Site, which it presented at a meeting on 11–13 December 2004. In 2005 the site was handed over to the Iraqi Ministry of Culture.In April 2006, Colonel John Coleman, former Chief of Staff for the 1st Marine Expeditionary Force, offered to issue an apology for the damage done by military personnel under his command. However, he also claimed that the US presence had deterred far greater damage by other looters. An article published in April 2006 stated that UN officials and Iraqi leaders have plans to restore Babylon, making it into a cultural center.Two museums and a library, containing replicas of artifacts and local maps and reports, were raided and destroyed.

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Present day In May 2009, the provincial government of reopened the site to tourists, but not many have come as yet. An oil pipeline runs through an outer wall of the city. On July 5, 2019, the site of Babylon was inscribed as a.

'The Walls of Babylon and the Temple of Bel (Or Babel)', by 19th-century illustrator – influenced by early archaeological investigations.Before modern archaeological excavations in Mesopotamia, the appearance of Babylon was largely a mystery, and typically envisioned by Western artists as a hybrid between ancient Egyptian, classical Greek, and contemporary Ottoman culture.Due to Babylon's historical significance as well as references to it in the, the word 'Babylon' in various languages has acquired a generic meaning of a large, bustling diverse city. Examples include:. Babylon is used in music as a concept in the belief system, denoting the materialistic world., which has its own versions of biblical legends, classically considered Babylon as its birthplace and a haven for science and knowledge. – a series about a futuristic. takes place in New York City, decades in the future. ( name for 'Babylon') – a real estate development in.Biblical narrative In the , Babel (Babylon) is described as founded by along with, and perhaps —all of them in ('Calneh' is now sometimes translated not as a proper name but as the phrase 'all of them'). Another story is given in Genesis 11, which describes a united human race, speaking one language, migrating to Shinar to establish a city and tower—the.

God halts construction of the tower by scattering humanity across the earth and confusing their communication so they are unable to understand each other in the same language.Babylon appears throughout the, including several prophecies and in descriptions of the destruction of Jerusalem and subsequent, most of which are found in the. These include the episode of,. Consequently, in tradition, Babylon symbolizes an oppressor against which righteous believers must struggle.

In, Babylon symbolizes worldliness and evil. Prophecies sometimes symbolically link the kings of Babylon with., sometimes conflated with, appears as the foremost ruler in this narrative.The in the refers to Babylon many centuries after it ceased to be a major political center. The city is personified by the ', riding on a scarlet beast with seven heads and ten horns, and drunk on the blood of the righteous. Some scholars of believe this to be a for the. See also.Notes. The Amorites were not native to Mesopotamia, but were semi-nomadic invaders from the northern. They (together with the to the east) had originally been prevented from taking control of the Akkadian states of southern Mesopotamia by the intervention of powerful kings of the during the 21st and 20th centuries BC, intervening from northern Mesopotamia.

However, when the Assyrians turned their attention to expanding their colonies in, the Amorites eventually began to supplant native rulers across the region. Please see for more discussion on dating events in the, including the Sack of Babylon.References.